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                <text>African American Soldier, c. 1917-1919</text>
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                <text>Most Americans know little of the global significance of World War I (1914-1919) and the sacrifices made by millions to ensure the victory of the Allied forces over Germany. Rarer still is a basic understanding of the critical role of African Americans in the war to make the “world safe for democracy.”&#13;
&#13;
World War I was a catalyst in the development of a radically progressive black consciousness, one that would ultimately lead to the mid-century civil rights and black power movements. </text>
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                <text>"African American Soldier," Box MSS1218. Robert Langmuir African American Photograph Collection, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University. </text>
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                <text>Portrait of William Edward Burghardt Du Bois</text>
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                <text>As early as 1915, Du Bois wrote most lucidly about the impact of World War I on the darker peoples of the world and how their futures were bound to be shaped by the outcome of the European conflict. In Crisis, Du Bois used his editorial pen to demand on behalf of the American Negro the right to serve as soldiers and officers on the battlefields of Europe. He believed that during America’s time of need, African Americans needed to demonstrate their “unfaltering loyalty” to realize the “larger finer objects of this world battle.” </text>
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                <text>Bain News Service, Publisher. Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, &lt;https://www.loc.gov/item/ggb2004007435/&gt;. </text>
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                <text>Crisis (July 1917) </text>
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                <text>From the beginning of the war to its close, The Crisis published editorials, articles, and photographs related to the service of African American troops stationed at home and abroad. </text>
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                <text>Harris, Lorenzo. “The Crisis: July 1917.” The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois, vol. 14, no. 3, July 1917. Retrieved from The Modernist Journals Project &lt;http://modjourn.org/&gt;. </text>
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                <text>African American Soldiers Stationed at Fort Huachuca Arizona, c. 1915-1917 </text>
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                <text>On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war on Germany. Under the banner of making the world “safe for democracy,” President Woodrow Wilson pledged America’s resources to “bring peace and safety to all the nations and make the world itself at last free.” For many African Americans, Wilson’s words were empty, offensive, and downright criminal. How could the President of the United States promote democracy abroad while still firmly clinging to Jim Crow segregation at home?&#13;
&#13;
African American intellectuals such as Hubert Harrison, A. Philip Randolph, and Chandler Owen publicly opposed Wilson and the participation of African Americans in a war. Yet, there were those who believed that service on behalf of the nation, especially in its time of need, would benefit African Americans and their ongoing quest to achieve full-citizenship rights and privileges. &#13;
&#13;
African American intellectuals such as Hubert Harrison, A. Philip Randolph, and Chandler Owen publicly opposed Wilson and the participation of African Americans in a war. Yet, there were those who believed that service on behalf of the nation, especially in its time of need, would benefit African Americans and their ongoing quest to achieve full-citizenship rights and privileges.  </text>
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                <text>"African American Soldiers Stationed at Fort Huachuca Arizona," Box MSS1218. Robert Langmuir African American Photograph Collection, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University. </text>
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                <text>“Camp Dodge Officers Training Camp,” c. 1917 </text>
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                <text>Attached to the 92nd Infantry Division – known as the “Buffalo Division” –, the 366th Infantry Regiment mustered at Camp Dodge in Iowa. During the war, the 366th saw action in some of the bloodiest battles on the Western Front. Lieutenant C.L. Abbot, Captain Joseph L. Lowe, Lieutenant Aaron R. Fisher, and Captain E. White were some of the most decorated American officers in WWI. </text>
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                <text>“Camp Dodge Officers Training Camp,” Box MSS1218. Robert Langmuir African American Photograph Collection, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University. </text>
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                <text>African American Combat Soldiers in France, c. 1918-1919  </text>
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                <text>Of the nearly four hundred thousand African American soldiers serving during the First World War, only 40,000 saw combat. A majority served in the Services of Supply (SOS) regiments unloading ships, repairing battlefields, and building roads. These men represent the invisible labor responsible for the Allied victory. </text>
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                <text>"African American Combat Soldiers in France, c. 1918-1919," Box MSS1218. Robert Langmuir African American Photograph Collection, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University. </text>
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                <text>“In Flanders Field,” c. 1919 </text>
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                <text>In 1919, William Melvin Kelley publishes Andrea Razafkeriefo’s adaptation of John McCrea poem “In Flanders Fields” to reflect the service of the African American regiments that served in France.  This broadside was illustrated by Albert Alex Smith. </text>
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                <text>William Melvin Kelley Collection </text>
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                <text>Parade of African American Regimental Band in France, c. 1917-1919  </text>
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                <text>In France, James Reese Europe’s 369th Infantry Regimental band was elevated as celebrities, due in part to their introduction of jazz and ragtime music to the country through public concerts and special performances. The French people were mesmerized by the sounds coming from the musicians’ instruments. In their eyes, African American soldiers were part of the Allied forces that came to liberate their country from the German assault. The sense of dignity and pride inspired by these experiences would be a turning point in the transformation of African American men upon their return to America. </text>
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                <text>"Parade of African American Regimental Band in France," Box MSS1218. Robert Langmuir African American Photograph Collection, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University. </text>
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                <text>Oakland View</text>
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                <text>Michael Page</text>
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                <text>Atlanta University</text>
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                <text>Training detachment No. 2 in front of Stone Hall, Atlanta University, c. 1918.  </text>
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                <text>“Atlanta University. Training detachment No. 2 in front of Stone Hall.” Photograph. Retrieved from the National Archives and Records Administration, &amp;lt;&lt;a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26425154"&gt;https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26425154&lt;/a&gt;&amp;gt;.</text>
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